{"id":565,"date":"2019-12-21T16:34:38","date_gmt":"2019-12-21T15:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/?p=565"},"modified":"2019-12-21T17:53:03","modified_gmt":"2019-12-21T16:53:03","slug":"linking-group-psychology-psychoanalytical-theories-conflict-resolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/linking-group-psychology-psychoanalytical-theories-conflict-resolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Linking Group Psychology and Psychoanalytical Theories: a Bridge Too Far or Useful for Conflict Resolution?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Social scholars suggest that the characteristics of the political reality as well as historical forces influence the individual\u2019s psychology\u00b9<\/a>. In the context of conflict, Louie Zamperini et al. aptly state that enmification processes can significantly contribute to the understanding of how unrelenting mutual enmity in inter-group conflicts become so tenaciously engrained within individual identities\u00b2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Notwithstanding, some scholars argue that, at least to some extent, \u201cindividual theories cannot explain why an entire community blindly endorses enemy images beliefs\u201d\u00b3<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Reverberating similar thoughts, conflict intervention scholar Ronald Fisher advises to be cautious for explaining inter-group behaviour using individual theories\u2074<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Nevertheless, I would argue that an opportunity window for crossing that bridge does exist, especially when psychosocial scholar John Turner\u2019s self-categorization theory and Henri Tajfel\u2019s social identity theory\u2075<\/a> are hitched on psychoanalyst Vamik Volkan\u2019s notion of large-group identity.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

A Closer Look at Social Identity<\/h2>\n

According to humanistic psychology, social identity forms part of the notion of self-concept\u2076<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Interestingly, in terms of social identity formation, psychologist Erin Halperin points out that persistent, long-term sentiments influence attitude and behavior. This happens because \u201cpsychological conditions such as enduring feelings of threat, danger, stress, and uncertainty [\u2026] trigger perceptions, thoughts, ideas, and emotions that construct a highly dominant social identity coupled with collective memories and narratives that achieve a hegemonic status in society\u201d\u2077<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As a result, to further examine group enemy imagery formation, it makes sense to refer to Tajfel\u2019s social identity theory\u2078<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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His theory suggests that a mere sense of belonging, thus group membership, without a real conflict of interests can explain for in-group favoritism in the context of inter-group discrimination\u2079<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

As a matter of fact, to understand the role of stereotyping and attitudes in inter-group conflict, Tajfel underscores the importance of studying cognitive processes\u00b9\u2070<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Even more interesting is his claim that \u201c[c]onceptions of outgroups are generated in their social and historical contexts and then transmitted to individual members of groups and widely shared through a variety of channels of social influence\u201d\u00b9\u00b9<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Perception Is Key in Inter-Group Conflict<\/h2>\n

Psychology scholar Robert Bornstein recognizes these considerations. He furthermore adds that the process of group identification enhances cooperation, particularly when intra-group and inter-group levels are simultaneously examined\u00b9\u00b2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bornstein pronounces that, \u201cin-group-out-group bias is not merely a result of group categorization, nor is it a simple consequence of mixed-motive relations between the groups. Rather, in-group-out-group perceptions play a major role in upholding collective group action\u201d\u00b9\u00b3<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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In this context, but more relevantly, Bornstein corroborates my hypothesis when he says that one must look at \u201cthe inherent tension between group interests and individual interest\u201d\u00b9\u2074<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Self-Categorization Theory Explained<\/h2>\n

Moving on to the self-categorization theory.<\/p>\n

Turner\u2019s theory \u201cexplicitly discusses the interaction between the interpersonal and intergroup level of analysis\u201d\u00b9\u2075<\/a>, which is why it \u201cprovides a theoretical link between self-concept and group identity\u201d\u00b9\u2076<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Overall, the theory envisages the notions of self-concept, social identity and social comparison.<\/p>\n

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In particular, the theory explains that the phenomenon of inter-group discrimination leading to in-group bias stems from \u201cindividuals enhanc[ing] and protect[ing] their self-esteem by identifying with social categories that reflect positively on themselves\u201d\u00b9\u2077<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

While referring to concepts, such as social comparison, group membership, ethnocentrism, stereotyping and self-concept, it becomes apparent that the \u201csocial identity theory is a special case of [Turner\u2019s] self-categorization theory\u201d\u00b9\u2078<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Crossing the Bridge<\/h2>\n

The linkage between these social identity theories and individual theories finds firm anchorage especially when contemplating Volkan\u2019s notion of large-group identity.<\/p>\n

The Large-Group Identity<\/h4>\n

Volkan defines a large-group identity as \u201cthe subjective experience<\/em> of thousands or millions of people who are linked by a persistent sense of sameness, even while also sharing some characteristics with people who belong to foreign large groups\u201d\u00b9\u2079<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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He goes on by positing that a large-group identity connects people emotionally regardless of their physical location. Such identity is based upon \u201cthe need to<\/em> maintain a psychological border\u201d\u00b2\u2070<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Volkan then introduces the concepts of chosen glories and chosen traumas to explain for shared mental representations of a large-group\u2019s glorifying or humiliating historical events, respectively\u00b2\u00b9<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Constructing the Bridge<\/h4>\n

When referring to large-group identities, Volkan points out that \u201c[l]arge groups are made of individuals; therefore, large-group processes reflect individual psychology.<\/p>\n

Once members of a large group start utilising the same mental mechanism, it establishes a life of its own, and appears as a societal, and often a political, process\u201d\u00b2\u00b2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Yet most tellingly for my argument, one of his most important claims holds that \u201cpsychoanalysis needs to examine the psychology of large groups <\/em>in its own right\u201d\u00b2\u00b3<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Fortifying the Bridge<\/h2>\n

To further strengthen the interconnection between group psychology and individual theories, Fisher explicitly argues that, \u201cone\u2019s self-concept, or individual identity, becomes in part defined by the group memberships.<\/p>\n

Thus, self-concept is intertwined with group identity\u201d\u00b2\u2074<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Actually, Fisher establishes a clear link between the self-categorization theory and individual psychodynamics when putting forward that \u201c[w]hen group members define themselves in terms of a social self-categorization, a threat to the group is a threat to the person\u2019s self-concept. This is a powerful motivational drive that could lead to intergroup conflict\u201d\u00b2\u2075<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Such social-psychological approach, Fisher argues, implies that \u201cperceptions, motivations, and actions of individuals influence, and in turn are affected by, the interaction between groups\u201d\u00b2\u2076<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Supportive Voices from the Psychoanalytic Corner<\/h2>\n

Such ideas are staunchly supported by psychoanalytical scholar Stephen Frosh when speaking of Sigmund Freud\u2019s concept of das Ding<\/em>, when referring to the need for an outgroup enemy as essential part of construing an individual identity<\/em>\u00b2\u2077<\/a>.<\/p>\n

When experiencing perceived threats to the core sense of identity, such as the notion of (perceived) loss, social conflict scholar Louis Kriesberg maintains that defensive mechanisms are then triggered as an attempt to minimize psychic damage\u00b2\u2078<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Indeed, psychoanalysis ascertains that, when facing threats, defence mechanisms are activated. They emerge from a conflict between the unconscious mind and the ego, which is considered the conscious part of the mind\u00b2\u2079<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

A Useful Theoretical Platform for Conflict Resolution<\/h2>\n

If the above musings account for the minimal required theoretical explanatory power to conjointly use individual- and group-related psychodynamic processes, then such a bridge may prove eventually useful for building more lasting conflict resolution strategies.<\/p>\n

After all, introducing a deeper understanding of the human mind into such practical strategies has the potential to diffuse a greater sense of compassion, which many conflicts may benefit from.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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[1]<\/a> Halperin, E. and Pliskin, R. (2015). Emotions and Emotion Regulation in Intractable Conflict: Studying Emotional Processes Within a Unique Context. Advances in Political Psychology<\/em>, 36(1), p.120 & Berman, E. (2015). In the Eye of the Storm: Israeli Psychoanalysis and its Political Surroundings. Psychotherapy and Politics International<\/em>, 13(2), p.84.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Zamperini, A., Andrighetto, L and Menegatto, M. (2012). The Deconstruction of Enemy Images for a Nonkilling Society. In: Nonkilling Pyschology<\/em>, eds. D.Christie and Pim, J.E., Honolulu, HI: Creative Commons, Center for Global Nonkilling, pp.326.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Zamperini (2012), pp.329.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Fisher, R.J. (1990). The Social Psychology of Intergroup and International Conflict Resolution<\/em>, Springer-Verlag, pp.11.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Zamperini (2012), idem and Fisher (1990), pp.29 and pp.46.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> See http:\/\/psychology.about.com\/od\/sindex\/f\/self-concept.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> See Halperin (2015), p.131\u2013132.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Zamperini (2012), pp.329.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Kriesberg, L, Northrup, T. and Thorson, S. (1989). Intractable Conflicts and their Transformation<\/em>, Syracuse University Press.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Tajfel, H. (1982). Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Ann. Rev. Psychol., <\/em>33(1), p.6.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Tajfel (1982), p.22.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Bornstein, G. (2003). Intergroup Conflict: Individual, Group, and Collective Interests. Personality and Social Psychology Review, <\/em>7(2), p.138.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Bornstein (2003), p.135.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Bornstein (2003), p.130.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Fisher (1990), idem.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Fisher (1990), pp.48.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Fisher (1990), pp.47. And see also Bornstein (2003), idem.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Fisher (1990), pp.47.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Volkan (2009). Large-Group identity, international relations and psychoanalysis. International Forum of Psychoanalysis<\/em>, 18(4), p.208.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Volkan (2009), p.210.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Volkan (2009), p.211.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Volkan (2009), idem.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Volkan (2009), p.207.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Fisher (1990), pp.60.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Fisher (1990), pp.53.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Fisher (1990), pp.6.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Frosh, S. (2008). Desire, Demand and Psychotherapy: On Large Groups and Neighbours. Psychotherapy and Politics International, <\/em>6(3), p.194.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Kriesberg (1989), pp.64.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Bader, E.E. (2010). The Psychology of Mediation: Issues of Self and Identity and the IDR Cycle. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal<\/em>, 10(2), 183\u2013215 and see also Bettcher, D.W. (1997). A Psychoanalytic Approach to the Study of International Relations<\/em> (Doctoral Dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London).<\/p>\n

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Back to Articles<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Social scholars suggest that the characteristics of the political reality as well as historical forces influence the individual\u2019s psychology\u00b9. In the context of conflict, Louie Zamperini et al. aptly state that enmification processes can significantly contribute to the understanding of how unrelenting mutual enmity in inter-group conflicts become so tenaciously engrained within individual identities\u00b2. Notwithstanding, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":564,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[13,49,23,47,14,35,46,48,38,36],"class_list":["post-565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-sciences","tag-attitude","tag-conflict","tag-conflict-prevention","tag-conflict-transformation","tag-peace","tag-psychoanalysis","tag-psychodynamics","tag-psychology","tag-social-change","tag-social-sciences"],"yoast_head":"\nLinking Group Psychology and Psychoanalytical Theories<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is linking group psychology and psychoanalytical theories adding value to conflict resolution? 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We wait for that insight, for that click, for that new perspective, for that shift to happen so that everything just makes sense. And when it does click, it feels as if the solution was right there all along. Everything feels familiar and we feel so much lighter. Only this time, we are wearing a new and more experienced jacket. While circling through life one step at a time, the key insight lies in the fact that we are all connected. My name is Olivier and I write in circles to eventually come back to the same point. In the meantime, at every step, I write an article. 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Quoting psychoanalyst Charles Rycroft, psychoanalysis \u201cinterprets human behaviour in terms\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Why Psychoanalysis provides that extra bit to conflict studies","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Extra-Bit.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Extra-Bit.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Extra-Bit.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Extra-Bit.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":558,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/intrapersonal-interpersonal-theoretical-reflection-psychology-conflict-interaction\/","url_meta":{"origin":565,"position":1},"title":"Intrapersonal before Getting Interpersonal: a Theoretical Reflection on the Role of Psychology in Conflict Interaction","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 21, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"From the perspective of international relations theory, realists might argue that power mediation is more apt to settle intransigent conflicts. I oppose such views. Instead, I follow conflict scholars Loraleigh Keashly and Ronald Fisher in their reasoning that such coercive tactics indeed increase the parties\u2019 resistance to resolution\u00b9. To reach\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Intrapersonal before getting Interpersonal: a theoretical reflection on the role of psychology in conflict interaction","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Intrapersonal.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Intrapersonal.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Intrapersonal.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Intrapersonal.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":553,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/nondualism-psychodynamics-information-processing-conflict-transformation\/","url_meta":{"origin":565,"position":2},"title":"A Daring Alliance: (Non-)Dualist Thinking, Psychodynamics, Information-Processing and Conflict Transformation","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 21, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Neuroscience suggests that verbal knowledge and emotions are housed in separate areas within the brain\u00b9. Because enemy images are mostly associated with negative emotions, negative stereotyping, prejudices, anger and hatred, this locational split in the brain partly accounts for biases in information-processing within the context of enemy imagery formation\u00b2. What\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Nondualism, Psychodynamics, information-Processing and Conflict Transformation | A Circle Is Round","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Daring-Alliance.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Daring-Alliance.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Daring-Alliance.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Daring-Alliance.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":561,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/","url_meta":{"origin":565,"position":3},"title":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 21, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"To define an enemy image, psychosocial and conflict scholar Louis Oppenheimer leans on political scientist Janice Gross Stein. He describes it as \u201ca set of beliefs or assumptions about an individual or a group and is considered a natural reaction to the process of identity formation by individuals and groups\u201d\u00b9.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":490,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/09\/the-theorized-role-of-psychotherapy-in-multi-level-conflict-resolution\/","url_meta":{"origin":565,"position":4},"title":"The Theorized Role of Psychotherapy in Multi-Level Conflict Resolution","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 9, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"This article aims to contribute to the theoretical discussion on socio-psychological approaches to conflict resolution. It explores what role psychotherapy can offer to conflict transformation of protracted conflicts. Recognizing the need for greater attention to socio-psychological aspects in conflict resolution methods, I participated in 2014 in a psychotherapy workshop, which\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The Theorized Role of Psychotherapy in Multi-Level Conflict Resolution","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Psychodrama.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Psychodrama.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Psychodrama.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Psychodrama.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":161,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/10\/30\/making-the-european-union-whole-again\/","url_meta":{"origin":565,"position":5},"title":"Making the European Union Whole Again","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"oktober 30, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Some believe that a deeper integrated European Union (EU) would benefit us all, as we would strengthen our coordination on a broad range of policies within the EU. Greater coordination increases policy efficiency, enhancing our quality of life. In addition, we would be increasingly regarded as a coherent bloc of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Making the European Union Whole Again","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Making-the-EU-whole-again.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Making-the-EU-whole-again.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Making-the-EU-whole-again.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Making-the-EU-whole-again.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/565","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=565"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/565\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":570,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/565\/revisions\/570"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/564"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=565"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=565"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=565"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}