{"id":561,"date":"2019-12-21T12:23:46","date_gmt":"2019-12-21T11:23:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/?p=561"},"modified":"2020-08-11T16:29:22","modified_gmt":"2020-08-11T14:29:22","slug":"psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/","title":{"rendered":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n

To define an enemy image, psychosocial and conflict scholar Louis Oppenheimer leans on political scientist Janice Gross Stein. He describes it as \u201ca set of beliefs or assumptions about an individual or a group and is considered a natural reaction to the process of identity formation by individuals and groups\u201d\u00b9<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In addition, Oppenheimer recognizes that an enemy image is \u201ca specific form of a negative stereotype\u201d\u00b2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

It Is All About Identity\u2026<\/h3>\n

Along the same line, Adriano Zamperini et al. as well as Kurt Jacobsen argue that the psychological construction of enemy images is intimately interwoven with the processes of individual and group identity formation, perception and group processes\u00b3<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Indeed, psychopolitical and conflict scholar Louis Kriesberg et al. put forward that<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u201c[i]dentity is conceived of as more than a psychological sense of self; it encompasses a sense that one is safe in the world physically, psychologically, socially, even spiritually\u201d\u2074<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

What is more, Psychologists for Social Responsibility, a group of psychologists, interestingly remarks that \u201c[o]ne of the most significant psychological causes [of conflict] is the exaggerated image of the enemy resulting from fear of the unknown, and an exaggeration of negative characteristics of the adversary\u201d\u2075<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2026and That Is Why We Need Psychodynamics<\/h3>\n

Importantly, such insights contribute to the logic as to why studying psychodynamic processes must take a more prominent place in conflict research.<\/p>\n

Following psychodynamic scholar Richard Kilburg\u2019s definition, psychodynamics \u201ccan be defined as unconscious patterns of behavior, thoughts, emotions, conflicts, defenses, and relationships that influence how individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities adapt to the circumstances, predicaments, and environments of their lives\u201d\u2076<\/a>. It includes furthermore two main strands of theories, i.e. object relations theory and theory of conflict.<\/p>\n

\n

In a nutshell, psychodynamics envisages internal motivating forces that result in enmification, i.e. the formation of enemy images\u2077<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

To delineate the field of psychodynamics within the context of this article, psychologist Stevan Hobfoll et al. strongly receive my support for their argument. It says that \u201cmost people are more likely to need support and provision of resources to ease the transition to normalcy, rather than traditional diagnosis and clinical treatment\u201d\u2078<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A Bit More Theory<\/h3>\n

What Does Vamik Volkan Have to Say?<\/h4>\n

By cause of the principle of non-sameness, psychoanalyst Vamik Volkan contends that international relationships are more preoccupied with an enemy than with an ally\u2079<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Intriguingly, he explains that<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u201c[w]hile on a conscious level we insist we are not the same as the enemy, on an unconscious level we are compelled to be the same as the enemy, at least in the areas where they absorb our projections\u201d\u00b9\u2070<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

In psychoanalytical terms, this mechanism is referred to as symbiosis. That is, we seek to remain different from our perceived enemies. Clearly, these reflections have a dualistic ring to them.<\/p>\n

Theory of Object Relations<\/h4>\n

Within the field of psychoanalysis, the theory of object relations, according to Volkan, proclaims that\u00a0children make sense of their social environment by establishing relationships with objects, mainly their parents, and, thereby, creating self- and object images<\/strong>\u00b9\u00b9<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

In the case that they are unable to integrate self- or object images into their concept of self, they \u201cexternalize his or her unintegrated self-and object images into other persons, or animate or inanimate objects\u201d\u00b9\u00b2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This process of externalization explains how positive and negative unintegrated self- and other images are stored into \u201creservoirs of permanent externalization\u201d\u00b9\u00b3<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

Eventually, these unintegrated images develop into images of \u2018them\u2019, into enemy images or into images of \u2018us\u2019, portraying a feeling of \u2018we-ness\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Psychodynamic Processes in Greater Detail<\/h3>\n

Projective Identification<\/h4>\n

Volkan now builds on the process of externalization to define the idea of projective identification. The latter concept suggests that, if an event is perceived as a threat to one\u2019s safety, the respective person looks for an external object onto which he or she can project its blame for the experienced emotional discomfort that was initially induced by that perceived threat\u00b9\u2074<\/a>.<\/p>\n

It is the same mechanism that explicates the construction of enemy images in adult life.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Moreover, it gave incentive to Volkan to acknowledge the important role of the psychoanalytical concept of regression in enemy imagery formation.<\/p>\n

Projective identification is hereby being continuously reintroduced as a coping strategy. Volkan observes that, when regression occurs, \u201cthe libido and aggression become fused in many individuals and in societies in general\u201d\u00b9\u2075<\/a>. As a result, these instinctive drives are often transformed in acts of violence through dehumanization processes.<\/p>\n

Rigidification<\/h4>\n

Another important concept within the process of enmification is rigidification, which is psychoanalytically closely related to externalization\u00b9\u2076<\/a>. Zamperini et al. argue that \u201crigidifcation builds a protective wall to defend against attacks to the subjective or collective sense of identity\u201d\u00b9\u2077<\/a>.<\/p>\n

On group level, however, Volkan calls upon the concept of purification when referring to externalization within the context of large-group identity\u00b9\u2078<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Intertwining Psychodynamics and Group Conflict\u2026<\/h3>\n

These psychodynamic processes help to explain how social processes and, in particular, traumatic experiences create the image of an enemy. This, in turn, leads to dehumanization of the enemy\u00b9\u2079<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Importantly, social scholar Michelle Gawerc contends that how \u201cpeople react is greatly motivated by one\u2019s frame\/perception\u201d\u00b2\u2070<\/a>. Gawerc furthermore counts on social scientists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann\u2019s social construction theory to underpin her claim that a\u00a0dualistic framework of the externalized perceived reality perpetuates enmification<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Zamperini et al. strikingly assert that<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u201cthe collective violence towards the hostile group is made possible and justified through specific psychological delegitimization processes\u201d\u00b2\u00b9<\/a>, of which \u201cdehumanization is probably the most extreme and effective strategy of delegitimization\u201d\u00b2\u00b2<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u2026to Serve Humanity<\/h3>\n

In conclusion, the compelling importance of deepening our understanding of psychodynamic processes in inter-group conflict is aptly resonated by psychologist Michael Salzman. Specifically, he calls attention to the idea that \u201cif we can interfere with the processes of dehumanization we may prevent killing and atrocity\u201d\u00b2\u00b3<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In other words, if I manage to see a stranger through a compassionate, human lens, the reason for the existence of violence may have lost its grounds altogether.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/a> Oppenheimer, L. (2006). The Development of Enemy Images: A Theoretical Contribution.\u00a0Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology,\u00a0<\/em>12(3), p.271.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Oppenheimer (2006), p.269.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Zamperini, A., Andrighetto, L. and Menegatto, M. (2012). The Deconstruction of Enemy Images for a Nonkilling Society. In:\u00a0Nonkilling Pyschology<\/em>, eds. D.Christie and Pim, J.E., Honolulu, HI: Creative Commons, Center for Global Nonkilling, pp.322. & Jacobsen, K. (2013). Why Freud matters: Psychoanalysis and international relations revisited.\u00a0International Relations<\/em>, 27(4), p.398.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Kriesberg, L, Northrup, T. and Thorson, S. (1989).\u00a0Intractable Conflicts and their Transformation<\/em>, Syracuse University Press, pp.64. See also Hobfoll, S.E. et al. (2007). Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid\u2013Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence.\u00a0Psychiatry<\/em>, 70(4), p.288.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Nin, A. and White, R.K. (2002).\u00a0ENEMY IMAGES: A Resource Manual on Reducing Enmity<\/em>, p.47\u201348. Published by Psychologists for Social Responsibility and available at:\u00a0http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.464.5755<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Kilburg, R.R. (2004). When Shadows Fall: Using Psychodynamic Approaches in Executive Coaching.\u00a0Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,\u00a0<\/em>56(4), p.249.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Oppenheimer (2006), p.271.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Hobfoll (2007), p.285.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Volkan, V.D. (1998). Ethnicity and Nationalism: A Psychoanalytic Perspective.\u00a0Applied Psychology: An International Review,\u00a0<\/em>47(1), p.50\u201351.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> See Ellis, A., Abrams, M., Abrams, L. D., Nussbaum, A., and Frey, R. J. (2009). Psychoanalysis in theory and practice. In:\u00a0Personality theories: Critical perspectives<\/em>, (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2009), pp. 138.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Volkan, V.D. (1985). The need to have enemies and allies: A developmental approach.\u00a0Political Psychology<\/em>, 6(2), 219\u2013247.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Volkan, V.D. (2009). Large-Group identity, international relations and psychoanalysis.\u00a0International Forum of Psychoanalysis,\u00a0<\/em>18(4), p.209.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Volkan (2013).\u00a0Enemies on the Couch<\/em>. Pitchstone Publishing, pp.216.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Volkan (1985).<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Volkan, V.D. (2001). Transgenerational Transmissions and Chosen Traumas: An Aspect of Large-Group Identity.\u00a0Group Analysis,\u00a0<\/em>34(1), p.15.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Kriesberg (1989), pp.70\u201374.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Zamperini (2012), pp.326.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Volkan (2013), pp.138.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> See for example Zamperini (2012), pp.325. referring to Sigmund Freud and Vamik Volkan for the individual level and also Zamperini (2012), pp.328\u2013329. for group level.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Gawerc, M.I. (2006). Peace-Building: Theoretical and Concrete Perspectives.\u00a0Peace & Change<\/em>, 31(4), p.453\u2013454.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Zamperini (2012), pp.330.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Zamperini (2012), idem.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Salzman, M. B. (2012). Dehumanization as a Prerequisite of Atrocity and Killing. In:\u00a0Nonkilling Pyschology<\/em>, eds. D.Christie and Pim, J.E., Honolulu, HI: Creative Commons, Center for Global Nonkilling, pp.109.<\/p>\n

\n

Back to Articles<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To define an enemy image, psychosocial and conflict scholar Louis Oppenheimer leans on political scientist Janice Gross Stein. He describes it as \u201ca set of beliefs or assumptions about an individual or a group and is considered a natural reaction to the process of identity formation by individuals and groups\u201d\u00b9. In addition, Oppenheimer recognizes that […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":560,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[13,49,23,56,14,35,46,48,38,36],"class_list":["post-561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-sciences","tag-attitude","tag-conflict","tag-conflict-prevention","tag-nondualism","tag-peace","tag-psychoanalysis","tag-psychodynamics","tag-psychology","tag-social-change","tag-social-sciences"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflict<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Better understanding the development of enemy images in inter-group conflicts with the help of psychodynamics. Enjoy the reading!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nl_BE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Better understanding the development of enemy images in inter-group conflicts with the help of psychodynamics. Enjoy the reading!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"A Circle Is Round\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/olivier.loose\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/olivier.loose\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-12-21T11:23:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-08-11T14:29:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1041\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"529\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Olivier Loose\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Better understanding the development of enemy images in inter-group conflicts with the help of psychodynamics. Enjoy the reading!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@OlivierLoose\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@OlivierLoose\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Geschreven door\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Olivier Loose\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschatte leestijd\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minuten\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Olivier Loose\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e871848fc35dd7d1945804ff0a1fa6cd\"},\"headline\":\"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-12-21T11:23:46+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-08-11T14:29:22+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1335,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e871848fc35dd7d1945804ff0a1fa6cd\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1\",\"keywords\":[\"Attitude\",\"Conflict\",\"Conflict Prevention\",\"Nondualism\",\"Peace\",\"Psychoanalysis\",\"Psychodynamics\",\"Psychology\",\"Social Change\",\"Social Sciences\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Social Sciences\"],\"inLanguage\":\"nl-BE\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/\",\"name\":\"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflict\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-12-21T11:23:46+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-08-11T14:29:22+00:00\",\"description\":\"Better understanding the development of enemy images in inter-group conflicts with the help of psychodynamics. Enjoy the reading!\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"nl-BE\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"nl-BE\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1\",\"width\":1041,\"height\":529,\"caption\":\"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts | A Circle Is Round\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/21\\\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"A Circle Is Round\",\"description\":\"Your Support in Your Science Education\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e871848fc35dd7d1945804ff0a1fa6cd\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"nl-BE\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e871848fc35dd7d1945804ff0a1fa6cd\",\"name\":\"Olivier Loose\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"nl-BE\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b1378f4af7733d2a6f64c74d06f21311dabbb86470161afcddf112d4b03f7f29?s=96&d=identicon&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b1378f4af7733d2a6f64c74d06f21311dabbb86470161afcddf112d4b03f7f29?s=96&d=identicon&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b1378f4af7733d2a6f64c74d06f21311dabbb86470161afcddf112d4b03f7f29?s=96&d=identicon&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Olivier Loose\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b1378f4af7733d2a6f64c74d06f21311dabbb86470161afcddf112d4b03f7f29?s=96&d=identicon&r=g\"},\"description\":\"We sometimes have the impression that we endlessly go in circles and never reach that point that takes us to the next step. We wait for that insight, for that click, for that new perspective, for that shift to happen so that everything just makes sense. And when it does click, it feels as if the solution was right there all along. Everything feels familiar and we feel so much lighter. Only this time, we are wearing a new and more experienced jacket. While circling through life one step at a time, the key insight lies in the fact that we are all connected. My name is Olivier and I write in circles to eventually come back to the same point. In the meantime, at every step, I write an article. The red thread throughout all my articles is our interconnected nature.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/acircleisround.com\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/olivier.loose\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/olivier-loose-8b32537\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/OlivierLoose\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflict","description":"Better understanding the development of enemy images in inter-group conflicts with the help of psychodynamics. Enjoy the reading!","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/","og_locale":"nl_BE","og_type":"article","og_title":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images","og_description":"Better understanding the development of enemy images in inter-group conflicts with the help of psychodynamics. Enjoy the reading!","og_url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/","og_site_name":"A Circle Is Round","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/olivier.loose","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/olivier.loose","article_published_time":"2019-12-21T11:23:46+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-08-11T14:29:22+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1041,"height":529,"url":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Olivier Loose","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_title":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images","twitter_description":"Better understanding the development of enemy images in inter-group conflicts with the help of psychodynamics. Enjoy the reading!","twitter_image":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1","twitter_creator":"@OlivierLoose","twitter_site":"@OlivierLoose","twitter_misc":{"Geschreven door":"Olivier Loose","Geschatte leestijd":"7 minuten"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/"},"author":{"name":"Olivier Loose","@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/#\/schema\/person\/e871848fc35dd7d1945804ff0a1fa6cd"},"headline":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts","datePublished":"2019-12-21T11:23:46+00:00","dateModified":"2020-08-11T14:29:22+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/"},"wordCount":1335,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/#\/schema\/person\/e871848fc35dd7d1945804ff0a1fa6cd"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1","keywords":["Attitude","Conflict","Conflict Prevention","Nondualism","Peace","Psychoanalysis","Psychodynamics","Psychology","Social Change","Social Sciences"],"articleSection":["Social Sciences"],"inLanguage":"nl-BE","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/","url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/","name":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflict","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1","datePublished":"2019-12-21T11:23:46+00:00","dateModified":"2020-08-11T14:29:22+00:00","description":"Better understanding the development of enemy images in inter-group conflicts with the help of psychodynamics. Enjoy the reading!","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"nl-BE","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"nl-BE","@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1","width":1041,"height":529,"caption":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts | A Circle Is Round"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/2019\/12\/21\/psychodynamic-development-enemy-images-inter-group-conflicts\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Psychodynamic Development of Enemy Images in Inter-Group Conflicts"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/","name":"A Circle Is Round","description":"Your Support in Your Science Education","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/#\/schema\/person\/e871848fc35dd7d1945804ff0a1fa6cd"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"nl-BE"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/#\/schema\/person\/e871848fc35dd7d1945804ff0a1fa6cd","name":"Olivier Loose","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"nl-BE","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b1378f4af7733d2a6f64c74d06f21311dabbb86470161afcddf112d4b03f7f29?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b1378f4af7733d2a6f64c74d06f21311dabbb86470161afcddf112d4b03f7f29?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b1378f4af7733d2a6f64c74d06f21311dabbb86470161afcddf112d4b03f7f29?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","caption":"Olivier Loose"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b1378f4af7733d2a6f64c74d06f21311dabbb86470161afcddf112d4b03f7f29?s=96&d=identicon&r=g"},"description":"We sometimes have the impression that we endlessly go in circles and never reach that point that takes us to the next step. We wait for that insight, for that click, for that new perspective, for that shift to happen so that everything just makes sense. And when it does click, it feels as if the solution was right there all along. Everything feels familiar and we feel so much lighter. Only this time, we are wearing a new and more experienced jacket. While circling through life one step at a time, the key insight lies in the fact that we are all connected. My name is Olivier and I write in circles to eventually come back to the same point. In the meantime, at every step, I write an article. The red thread throughout all my articles is our interconnected nature.","sameAs":["https:\/\/acircleisround.com","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/olivier.loose","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/olivier-loose-8b32537\/","https:\/\/x.com\/OlivierLoose"]}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Enemy-Images.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pbpzPS-93","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":486,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/09\/why-psychoanalysis-provides-that-extra-bit-to-conflict-studies\/","url_meta":{"origin":561,"position":0},"title":"Why Psychoanalysis Provides That Extra Bit to Conflict Studies","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 9, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"The field of psychodynamics is an umbrella term for all the theories in the field of psychology \u2014 yet, most specifically, psychoanalysis \u2014 that largely center on unconscious mental processes, such as enemy imagery formation, when studying conscious human behaviour. Quoting psychoanalyst Charles Rycroft, psychoanalysis \u201cinterprets human behaviour in terms\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Why Psychoanalysis provides that extra bit to conflict studies","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Extra-Bit.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Extra-Bit.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Extra-Bit.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Extra-Bit.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":553,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/nondualism-psychodynamics-information-processing-conflict-transformation\/","url_meta":{"origin":561,"position":1},"title":"A Daring Alliance: (Non-)Dualist Thinking, Psychodynamics, Information-Processing and Conflict Transformation","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 21, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Neuroscience suggests that verbal knowledge and emotions are housed in separate areas within the brain\u00b9. Because enemy images are mostly associated with negative emotions, negative stereotyping, prejudices, anger and hatred, this locational split in the brain partly accounts for biases in information-processing within the context of enemy imagery formation\u00b2. What\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Nondualism, Psychodynamics, information-Processing and Conflict Transformation | A Circle Is Round","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Daring-Alliance.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Daring-Alliance.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Daring-Alliance.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Daring-Alliance.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":565,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/linking-group-psychology-psychoanalytical-theories-conflict-resolution\/","url_meta":{"origin":561,"position":2},"title":"Linking Group Psychology and Psychoanalytical Theories: a Bridge Too Far or Useful for Conflict Resolution?","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 21, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Social scholars suggest that the characteristics of the political reality as well as historical forces influence the individual\u2019s psychology\u00b9. In the context of conflict, Louie Zamperini et al. aptly state that enmification processes can significantly contribute to the understanding of how unrelenting mutual enmity in inter-group conflicts become so tenaciously\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Linking Group Psychology and Psychoanalytical Theories: a Bridge Too Far or Useful for Conflict Resolution?","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Linking.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Linking.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Linking.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Linking.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":558,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/21\/intrapersonal-interpersonal-theoretical-reflection-psychology-conflict-interaction\/","url_meta":{"origin":561,"position":3},"title":"Intrapersonal before Getting Interpersonal: a Theoretical Reflection on the Role of Psychology in Conflict Interaction","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 21, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"From the perspective of international relations theory, realists might argue that power mediation is more apt to settle intransigent conflicts. I oppose such views. Instead, I follow conflict scholars Loraleigh Keashly and Ronald Fisher in their reasoning that such coercive tactics indeed increase the parties\u2019 resistance to resolution\u00b9. To reach\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Intrapersonal before getting Interpersonal: a theoretical reflection on the role of psychology in conflict interaction","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Intrapersonal.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Intrapersonal.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Intrapersonal.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Intrapersonal.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":490,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/12\/09\/the-theorized-role-of-psychotherapy-in-multi-level-conflict-resolution\/","url_meta":{"origin":561,"position":4},"title":"The Theorized Role of Psychotherapy in Multi-Level Conflict Resolution","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"december 9, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"This article aims to contribute to the theoretical discussion on socio-psychological approaches to conflict resolution. It explores what role psychotherapy can offer to conflict transformation of protracted conflicts. Recognizing the need for greater attention to socio-psychological aspects in conflict resolution methods, I participated in 2014 in a psychotherapy workshop, which\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The Theorized Role of Psychotherapy in Multi-Level Conflict Resolution","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Psychodrama.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Psychodrama.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Psychodrama.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Psychoanalysis_Psychodrama.png?fit=1041%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":161,"url":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/2019\/10\/30\/making-the-european-union-whole-again\/","url_meta":{"origin":561,"position":5},"title":"Making the European Union Whole Again","author":"Olivier Loose","date":"oktober 30, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Some believe that a deeper integrated European Union (EU) would benefit us all, as we would strengthen our coordination on a broad range of policies within the EU. Greater coordination increases policy efficiency, enhancing our quality of life. In addition, we would be increasingly regarded as a coherent bloc of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Social Sciences"","block_context":{"text":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/category\/social-sciences\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Making the European Union Whole Again","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Making-the-EU-whole-again.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Making-the-EU-whole-again.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Making-the-EU-whole-again.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/acircleisround.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Making-the-EU-whole-again.png?fit=1042%2C529&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=561"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/561\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":717,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/561\/revisions\/717"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/560"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/acircleisround.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}